모든 아동이 행복한 도시를 위한 수원시 아동친화도 조사

도시행정연구실 이영안 연구위원

1. 수원시 아동친화도 조사의 배경
 저출산 사회가 고착화되어 우리나라의 미래를 이끌어가야 할 자원 역시 감소하고 있다. 즉, 아동의 중요성이 점차 중요해지고 있으며, 아동에 대한 인식 또한 ‘보호’의 개념에서 ‘아동의 삶의 질’향상으로 변화되고 있다. 이러한 인식의 변화는 물질적·제도적인 변화를 동반하는데, 우리나라는 아동권리에 대한 국제협약 등을 비준하고, 유니세프로부터 아동친화도시의 인증을 받기 위해 지방정부 간 아동친화도시를 추진하기 위한 지방정부협의회를 구성하는 등의 노력을 하고 있다.
 하지만 보건복지부의 「2013년 아동종합실태조사」(2014)에 따르면 우리나라 아동 삶의 만족도는 60.3%로 OECD 국가 중 최하위로, 아동이 자신의 욕구를 제대로 표현할 환경이 미비하고, 스스로 삶의 만족도를 높일 수 있는 성장환경이 제대로 조성되지 못하고 있는 실정이다.
 이러한 상황에서 수원시는 2015년 11월 12일 유니세프한국위원회와 아동친화도시 조성을 위한 협약을 맺으며, 2017년 9월 4일 아동친화도시 인증을  받았다. 단순히 인증을 위한 노력과 목표가 아닌 “휴먼시티 수원”의 시정철학에 따라 시민과 함께 만들어가는 시정 목표를 아동의 인권 또한 수원시와 수원시 아동·청소년이 함께 권리를 보호하고 만들어가고자 하는 것이다. 

 

2. 수원시 아동친화도 조사
 수원시 아동친화도 조사는 수원시가 아동친화도시 인증을 위한 충족 조건을 갖추기 위함이 목적이다. 또한 아동친화도 조사는 일회성으로 끝나는 것이 아니라, 아동의 권리실태를 지속적으로 모니터링하는 자료이자, 아동친화도시 조성의 지표 설정을 위한 필수자료로 활용된다. 따라서 아동친화도 조사의 궁극적인 목적은 아동과 청소년의 성장환경 및 생활환경을 개선하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하는 것이다.
 이를 통한 수원시 아동과 부모, 아동관계자 및 아동권익옹호자의 의견을 반영하여 아동이 행복하고 살기 좋은 지역을 만들기 위한 선행연구라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 측면에서 아동친화도 조사 결과를 통해 수원시 아동친화도시의 비전과 목표를 설정하고, 이를 달성하기 위한 정책방향을 제시하고자 한다.

 

3. 연구결과
 문헌분석을 통해 본 수원시 아동친화도시를 위한 분석자료들이 갖는 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 국내·외 현황자료를 보면 우리나라는 청소년의 낮은 행복수준, 사회적 양극화 심화, 경쟁이 심화된 사회 등의 문제가 심각한 수준이다. 우리나라 청소년(15〜29세)의 행복수준을 조사한 결과 9.4%만이 매우 행복하다고 응답한 반면 프랑스는 45.9%, 영국은 45.3%, 스웨덴은 43.2%, 미국 36.6%, 일본 30.1%로 우리나라 아동·청소년의 행복수준과 최소 3배, 최대 5배까지 차이가 나고 있다. 우리나라 청소년의 행복수준이 낮은 이유는 생활적인 측면에서는 급진적인 핵가족화 및 가족해체로 가족 내 소통 감소에 따른 가족의 보호와 지지의 기능 약화, 사회경제적인 측면에서는 양극화가 심화되면서 상대적 빈곤층이 증가하여 가정의 물리적, 심리적 지원의 격차가 증가하고 있기 때문으로 분석된다. 또한 발달단계에 있는 청소년은 지식적 역량과 더불어 신체적, 심리적 역량의 균형적 성장이 필요하지만, 우리나라 청소년의 경우 학업분야의 경쟁만이 강조되고 있어,  우리나라 청소년은 자신의 미래와 희망에 대한 고민 등 다른 분야에 대한 시간이 절대적으로 부족함을 확인할 수 있었다.
 두 번째, 아동친화도시가 이미 추진된 해외의 사례들을 분석하면, UN 아동권리협약 사항을 이행하기 위해 아동을 위한 지역사회 조성과 지방정부의 거버넌스 구축에 초점을 두고 있다. 유럽의 아동친화도시의 특성은 중장기적인 계획에 의해 체계적으로 아동친화도시를 만들고, 이를 위해 다양한 주체들이 노력하여 지속성을 강조한다. 또한 지역사회 구성원들의 적극적 참여를 독려하며, 특히 아동들의 의견을 반영하기 위한 노력을 기울이고 있다(박세경, 2016). 아동친화도시를 구성함에 있어 가장 중요한 부분은 바로 아동의 권리향상을 위한 아동의 참여하는 것으로 런던과 가와사키, 하나우시, 숄레시 모두 아동의 권리향상에 중점을 두고 아동의 참여를 위한 다양한 방안을 모색하고 있음이 확인되었다. 또한 아동의 행복을 위한 도시를 형성하고, 이를 지속시키기 위해 제도적 뒷받침이 이루어지고 있어, 수원시가 아동친화도시 인증을 받기 위한 목표설정 및 제도적·정책적 방향성을 확인할 수 있었다.

① 놀이와 여가 분석결과 아동의 문화 공간 확보가 필요함을 확인하였다. 이를 위한 신규과제로 아동의 시간 및 자유권 보장을 위한 권리헌장 제정, 어린이 놀이 공간 제공, 아동권리 교육에 대한 부모교육 실시 등을 제시하고자 한다.
② 참여와 시민권 분석결과 시정 및 문화 참여 확대가 필요함을 확인하였다. 이를 위한 정책과제로 기존 수원시 정책 중 주민참여예산 청소년위원회 강화, 글로벌 참여 환경 확대, 신규과제로 아동·청소년 의회 구성, 찾아가는 참여권리 교육 실시 등을 제시하고자 한다.
③ 안전과 보호 분석결과 아동의 안전 강화가 필요함을 확인하였다. 이를 위한 정책과제로 기존 수원시 정책 중 찾아가는 요보호아동 자립지원, 어린이 등하교 도우미 사업 확대, 수원형 공공·특수 어린이집 설치 추진 등을 제시하고자 한다. 
④ 건강과 위생 분석결과 아동의 발달주기별 건강 지원이 필요함을 확인하였다. 이를 위한 정책과제로 기존 수원시 정책 중 학교급식 안정적 지원 강화, 아동주치의 제도 강화, 신규과제로 아동 건강 욕구조사 추진, 공중시설 점검단 운영 등을 제시하고자 한다.
⑤ 교육환경 분석결과 아동을 위한 수원형 교육서비스 구축이 필요함을 확인하였다. 이를 위한 정책과제로 기존 수원시 정책 중 도시농업 네트워크, 꿈과 희망을 실현하는 청소년 프로그램 운영, 신규과제로 아동권리 교육에 대한 부모교육 실시, 학교와 학부모간 멘토링 프로그램 운영 등을 제시하고자 한다.
⑥ 사생활 분석결과 차별 없이 자신의 권리를 찾을 수 있도록 차별금지가 필요함이 확인되었다.  이를 위한 정책과제로 찾아가는 보라 상담원 운영 확대, 신규과제로 학교 밖 청소년 기본계획 수립을 위한 실태조사 실시 등을 제시하고자 한다.
 즉, 본 연구는 아동친화도시 인증을 위한 수원시 아동친화도 조사 결과를 활용하여 향후 수원시 아동친화도시 기본계획을 수립하고 아동친화도시로서의 위상과 면모를 갖추고자 실시되었다.
 기초조사가 이루어진 만큼, 앞으로 수원형 아동친화도시 구축을 위한 제도적·정책적인 방안들이 뒷받침되어야 할 것이며, 해외사례에서 확인되었듯이 일회성에 그치지 않고 중장기적인 계획과 수원시와 더불어 지역사회 아동친화·아동권리에 관한 인식들이 전반에 조성되어야 할 것이다. 즉, 향후 거버넌스 구축을 위한 연계·협력방안 등의 후속연구가 요구된다.

∣차 례∣

제1장 서 론 ······················································································································ 1
제1절 연구 배경 및 목적 ···························································································· 1
1. 연구 배경 ··········································································································· 1
2. 연구 목적 ·········································································································· 2
제2절 연구 범위 및 방법 ··························································································· 2
1. 연구 범위 ··········································································································· 2
2. 연구 방법 ·········································································································· 2

제2장 수원시 아동친화도시 관련 현황 ·········································································· 5
제1절 아동 관련 제도 ································································································· 5
1. 아동의 법률적 정의 ··························································································· 5
2. 아동 관련 정책 ································································································· 7
3. 아동의 권리 ······································································································· 9
제2절 아동친화도시의 의의 및 조성 원칙 ······························································· 10
1. 아동친화도시의 개념 및 추진 배경 ································································ 10
2. 아동친화도시의 목표와 원칙 ·········································································· 15
제3절 아동친화도시 국내·외 사례 분석 ································································ 16
1. 국내 아동친화도시 사례 ·················································································· 16
2. 해외 아동친화도시 사례 ················································································· 25
제3절 수원시 아동 환경 및 정책 현황 ···································································· 27
1. 아동 인구 현황 ································································································ 27
2. 아동 교육기관 및 시설 현황 ·········································································· 32
3. 수원시 아동정책 현황 ····················································································· 35
4. 수원시 아동 현황 및 정책 시사점 ································································· 38

제3장 수원시 아동친화도 분석 ····················································································· 41

제1절 아동친화도시 조사 설계 ················································································· 41
1. 조사 개요 ·········································································································· 41
2. 설문지 구성 ····································································································· 42
제2절 아동친화도 조사 분석 ··················································································· 44
1. 응답자 특성 ······································································································ 44
2. 놀이와 여가 ····································································································· 46
3. 참여와 시민권 ·································································································· 61
4. 안전과 보호 ····································································································· 74
5. 건강과 위생 ····································································································· 111
6. 교육환경 ········································································································· 136
7. 사생활 ············································································································· 183
제3절 수원시 아동친화도 분석 결과 ····································································· 226

 

제4장 수원시 아동친화도시 방향 ··············································································· 229
제1절 수원시 아동친화도시 비전 및 목표 ···························································· 229
제2절 수원시 아동친화도시 정책방향 ··································································· 230
1. 아동의 문화 공간 확보 ·················································································· 230
2. 아동의 시정 및 문화 참여 확대 ··································································· 230
3. 아동을 위한 안전 강화 ·················································································· 231
4. 아동을 위한 발달주기별 건강 지원 ······························································ 231
5. 아동을 위한 수원형 교육서비스 구축 ·························································· 232
6. 아동의 차별금지 강화 ··················································································· 232

 

제5장 결론 ··················································································································· 235

 

참고문헌 ······················································································································ 237

 

부록 ······························································································································ 241